On 28 August 2017, President Niinistö of Finland said during a meeting with President Trump of the United States, “if we lose the Arctic, we lose the globe. That is reality.” President Niinistö apparently was referring to the loss of habitat for human animals shortly after the remaining ice on the Arctic Ocean melts. It seems unlikely he knew that such an event would lead to the loss of all life on Earth. Information published after the meeting between Presidents Niinistö and Trump indicates the likelihood of such a situation within a relatively short period after the first ice-free Arc-tic Ocean experienced by Homo sapiens.

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